A hard inquiry is a credit check performed by lenders, credit card issuers, or other financial institutions when you apply for credit, such as a loan, mortgage, or credit card. This type of inquiry is a standard part of the approval process and provides the creditor with detailed information about your creditworthiness.
Unlike a soft inquiry, which occurs during background checks or pre-approved offers and does not impact your score, a hard inquiry has the potential to lower your credit score by a few points. Typically, each hard inquiry can reduce your score by up to 5 points, depending on your overall credit profile and the scoring model used. However, multiple inquiries for the same type of loan within a 14- to 45-day window usually count as a single inquiry to minimize the impact on your score.
Hard inquiries stay on your credit report for about two years but generally only affect your credit score for one year. They serve as a signal to lenders that you may be seeking new credit, which could indicate increased risk if you have too many recent inquiries.
Managing hard inquiries wisely is essential for maintaining a strong credit profile. Applying for multiple credit lines in a short time can raise red flags and lower your chances of approval. Consumers should monitor their credit reports regularly. You can get a free credit report annually from each of the three major credit bureaus—Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion—at AnnualCreditReport.com, as mandated by the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA).
For more detailed guidance, see FinHelp’s glossary entries on Hard Credit Pull vs Soft Pull and Credit Report.
According to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), understanding the implications of hard inquiries can help consumers make informed borrowing decisions and avoid unintended credit damage. For official information, refer to the CFPB’s page on credit reports and scores.
Key points about hard inquiries:
- Initiated when you apply for credit.
- Can cause a minor dip in your credit score.
- Grouped if multiple inquiries are made for the same type of credit within a short period.
- Remain on your credit report for up to two years.
By being aware of how hard inquiries work and their effect, you can better manage your credit health and improve your chances of loan and credit approvals in the future.